{"commentary":{"id":"jamieson-fausset-brown","name":"Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary","website":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamieson-Fausset-Brown_Bible_Commentary","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","licenseNotes":null,"licenseNotice":null,"englishName":"Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary","language":"eng","textDirection":"rtl","sha256":"db3d4c8b3c1f32ef9d1430a57392e02bda3a17aac1f9bbe398461de021a3cb13","availableFormats":["json"],"listOfBooksApiLink":"/api/c/jamieson-fausset-brown/books.json","listOfProfilesApiLink":"/api/c/jamieson-fausset-brown/profiles.json","numberOfBooks":66,"totalNumberOfChapters":1187,"totalNumberOfVerses":17056,"totalNumberOfProfiles":0,"languageName":"English","languageEnglishName":"English"},"book":{"id":"NAM","commentaryId":"jamieson-fausset-brown","name":"Nahum","commonName":"Nahum","introduction":"NAHUM means \"consolation\" and \"vengeance\"; symbolizing the \"consolation\" in the book for God's people, and the \"vengeance\" coming on their enemies. In the first chapter the two themes alternate; but as the prophet advances, vengeance on the capital of the Assyrian foe is the predominant topic. He is called \"the Elkoshite\" (Nah 1:1), from Elkosh, or Elkesi, a village of Galilee, pointed out to JEROME [Preface in Nahum] as a place of note among the Jews, having traces of ancient buildings. The name Capernaum, that is, \"village of Nahum,\" seems to take its name from Nahum having resided in it, though born in Elkosh in the neighborhood. There is another Elkosh east of the Tigris, and north of Mosul, believed by Jewish pilgrims to be the birthplace and burial place of the prophet. But the book of Nahum in its allusions shows a particularity of acquaintance with Palestine (Nah 1:4), and only a more general knowledge as to Nineveh (Nah 2:4-6; Nah 3:2-3).\n\nHis graphic description of Sennacherib and his army (Nah 1:9-12) makes it not unlikely that he was in or near Jerusalem at the time: hence the number of phrases corresponding to those of Isaiah (compare Nah 1:8-9, with Isa 8:8; Isa 10:23; Nah 2:10, with Isa 24:1; Isa 21:3; Nah 1:15, with Isa 52:7). The prophecy in Nah 1:14 probably refers to the murder of Sennacherib twenty years after his return from Palestine (Isa 37:38). The date of his prophecies, thus, seems to be about the former years of Hezekiah. So JEROME thinks. He plainly writes while the Assyrian power was yet unbroken (Nah 1:12; Nah 2:11-13 Nah 3:15-17). The correspondence between the sentiments of Nahum and those of Isaiah and Hezekiah, as recorded in Second Kings and Isaiah, proves the likelihood of Nahum's prophecies belonging to the time when Sennacherib was demanding the surrender of Jerusalem, and had not yet raised the siege (compare Nah 1:2, &c., with Kg2 19:14-15; Nah 1:7, with Kg2 18:22; Kg2 19:19, Kg2 19:31; Ch2 32:7-8; Nah 1:9, Nah 1:11, with Kg2 19:22, Kg2 19:27-28; Nah 1:14, with Kg2 19:6-7; Nah 1:15; Nah 2:1-2, with Kg2 19:32-33; Nah 2:13, with Kg2 19:22-23). The historical data in the book itself are the humiliation of Israel and Judah by Assyria (Nah 2:2); the invasion of Judah (Nah 1:9, Nah 1:11); and the conquest of No-ammon, or Thebes, in Upper Egypt (Nah 3:8-10). Tiglath-pileser and Shalmaneser had carried away Israel. The Jews were harassed by the Syrians, and impoverished by Ahaz' payments to Tiglath-pileser (2Ch. 28:1-27; Isa 7:9). Sargon, Shalmaneser's successor, after the reduction of Phœnicia by the latter, fearing lest Egypt should join Palestine against him, undertook an expedition to Africa (Isa 20:1-6), and took Thebes; the latter fact we know only from Nahum, but the success of the expedition in general is corroborated in Isa 20:1-6. Sennacherib, Sargon's successor, made the last Assyrian attempt against Judea, ending in the destruction of his army in the fourteenth year of Hezekiah (713-710 B.C.). As Nahum refers to this in part prophetically, in part as matter of history (Nah 1:9-13; Nah 2:13), he must have lived about 720-714 B.C., that is, almost a hundred years before the event foretold, namely, the overthrow of Nineveh by the joint forces of Cyaxares and Nabopolassar in the reign of Chyniladanus, 625 or 603 B.C.\n\nThe prophecy is remarkable for its unity of aim. Nahum's object was to inspire his countrymen, the Jews, with the assurance that, however alarming their position might seem, exposed to the attacks of the mighty Assyrian, who had already carried away the ten tribes, yet that not only should the Assyrian (Sennacherib) fail in his attack on Jerusalem, but Nineveh, his own capital, be taken and his empire overthrown; and this, not by an arbitrary exercise of Jehovah's power, but for the iniquities of the city and its people. His position in the canon is seventh of the minor prophets in both the Hebrew and Greek arrangement. He is seventh in point of date.\n\nHis style is clear, elegant, and forcible. Its most striking characteristic is the power of representing several phases of an idea in the briefest sentences, as in the majestic description of God in the commencement, the conquest of Nineveh, and the destruction of No-ammon [EICHORN]. DE WETTE calls attention to his variety of manner in presenting ideas, as marking great poetic talent. \"Here there is something sonorous in his language there something murmuring; with both these alternates something that is soft, delicate, and melting, as the subject demands.\" Excepting two alleged Assyrian words (Nah 3:17), English Version, \"crowned,\" or princes, and English Version, \"captains,\" or satraps (used by Jer 51:27), the language is pure. These two, doubtless, came to be known in Judea from the intercourse with Assyria in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. \n\n\n\nNext: Nahum Chapter 1\n\n","order":34,"numberOfChapters":3,"sha256":"2d2a5242673e140611e927f514853b31db889e7aee88582d24647e72095ba625","firstChapterNumber":1,"firstChapterApiLink":"/api/c/jamieson-fausset-brown/NAM/1.json","firstChapterReference":{"commentaryId":"jamieson-fausset-brown","book":"NAM","chapter":1},"lastChapterNumber":3,"lastChapterApiLink":"/api/c/jamieson-fausset-brown/NAM/3.json","lastChapterReference":{"commentaryId":"jamieson-fausset-brown","book":"NAM","chapter":3},"totalNumberOfVerses":44},"chapter":{"number":3,"content":[{"type":"verse","number":2,"content":["The reader is transported into the midst of the fight (compare Jer 47:3). The \"noise of the whips\" urging on the horses (in the chariots) is heard, and of \"the rattling of the wheels\" of war chariots, and the \"horses\" are seen \"prancing,\" and the \"chariots jumping,\" &c.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":3,"content":["horseman--distinct from \"the horses\" (in the chariots, Nah 3:2). \n\nlifteth up--denoting readiness for fight [EWALD]. GESENIUS translates, \"lifteth up (literally, 'makes to ascend') his horse.\" Similarly MAURER, \"makes his horse to rise up on his hind feet.\" Vulgate translates, \"ascending,\" that is, making his horse to advance up to the assault. This last is perhaps better than English Version. \n\nthe bright sword and the glittering spear--literally, \"the glitter of the sword and the flash of the spear!\" This, as well as the translation, \"the horseman advancing up,\" more graphically presents the battle scene to the eye. \n\nthey stumble upon their corpses--The Medo-Babylonian enemy stumble upon the Assyrian corpses.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":4,"content":["Because of the multitude of the whoredoms--This assigns the reason for Nineveh's destruction. \n\nof the well-favoured harlot--As Assyria was not a worshipper of the true God, \"whoredoms\" cannot mean, as in the case of Israel, apostasy to the worship of false gods; but, her harlot-like artifices whereby she allured neighboring states so as to subject them to herself. As the unwary are allured by the \"well-favored harlot's\" looks, so Israel, Judah (for example, under Ahaz, who, calling to his aid Tiglath-pileser, was made tributary by him, Kg2 16:7-10), and other nations, were tempted by the plausible professions of Assyria, and by the lure of commerce (Rev 18:2-3), to trust her. \n\nwitchcrafts-- (Isa 47:9, Isa 47:12). Alluding to the love incantations whereby harlots tried to dement and ensnare youths; answering to the subtle machinations whereby Assyria attracted nations to her. \n\nselleth--deprives of their liberty; as slaves used to be sold: and in other property also sale was a usual mode of transfer. MAURER understands it of depriving nations of their freedom, and literally selling them as slaves to distant peoples (Joe 3:2-3, Joe 3:6-8). But elsewhere there is no evidence that the Assyrians did this. \n\nfamilies--peoples.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":5,"content":["I will discover thy skirts upon thy face--that is, discover thy nakedness by throwing up thy skirts upon thy face (the greatest possible insult), pulling them up as as high as thy head (Jer 13:22; Eze 16:37-41). I will treat thee not as a matron, but as a harlot whose shame is exposed; her gaudy finery being lifted up off her (Isa 47:2-3). So Nineveh shall be stripped of all her glory and defenses on which she prides herself.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":6,"content":["cast abominable filth upon thee--as infamous harlots used to be treated. \n\ngazing stock--exposed to public ignominy as a warning to others (Eze 28:17).\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":7,"content":["all . . . that look upon thee--when thou hast been made \"a gazing stock\" (Nah 3:6). \n\nshall flee from thee--as a thing horrible to look upon. Compare \"standing afar off,\" Rev 18:10. \n\nwhence shall I seek comforters for thee?--Compare Isa 51:19, which Nahum had before his mind.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":8,"content":["populous No--rather, as Hebrew, \"No-ammon,\" the Egyptian name for Thebes in Upper Egypt; meaning the portion or possession of Ammon, the Egyptian Jupiter (whence the Greeks called the city Diospolis), who was especially worshipped there. The Egyptian inscriptions call the god Amon-re, that is, Amon the Sun; he is represented as a human figure with a ram's head, seated on a chair (Jer 46:25; Eze 30:14-16). The blow inflicted on No-ammon, described in Nah 3:10, was probably by the Assyrian Sargon (see on Isa 18:1; Isa 20:1). As Thebes, with all her resources, was overcome by Assyria, so Assyrian Nineveh, notwithstanding all her might, in her turn, shall be overcome by Babylon. English Version, \"populous,\" if correct, implies that No's large population did not save her from destruction. \n\nsituate among the rivers--probably the channels into which the Nile here divides (compare Isa 19:6-8). Thebes lay on both sides of the river. It was famed in HOMER'S time for its hundred gates [Iliad, 9.381]. Its ruins still describe a circumference of twenty-seven miles. Of them the temples of Luxor and Karnak, east of the river, are most famous. The colonnade of the former, and the grand hall of the latter, are of stupendous dimensions. One wall still represents the expedition of Shishak against Jerusalem under Rehoboam (Kg1 14:25; Ch2 12:2-9). \n\nwhose . . . wall was from the sea--that is, rose up \"from the sea.\" MAURER translates, \"whose wall consisted of the sea.\" But this would be a mere repetition of the former clause. The Nile is called a sea, from its appearance in the annual flood (Isa 19:5).\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":9,"content":["Ethiopia--Hebrew, Cush. Ethiopia is thought at this time to have been mistress of Upper Egypt. \n\nEgypt--Lower Egypt. \n\nher strength--her safeguard as an ally. \n\nit was infinite--The resources of these, her allies, were endless. \n\nPut--or Phut (Gen 10:6); descended from Ham (Eze 27:10). From a root meaning a bow; as they were famed as archers [GESENIUS]. Probably west of Lower Egypt. JOSEPHUS [Antiquities, 1:6.2] identifies it with Mauritania (compare Jer 46:9, Margin; Eze 38:5). \n\nLubim--the Libyans, whose capital was Cyrene; extending along the Mediterranean west of Egypt (Ch2 12:3; Ch2 16:8; Act 2:10). As, however, the Lubim are always connected with the Egyptians and Ethiopians, they are perhaps distinct from the Libyans. The Lubim were probably at first wandering tribes, who afterwards were settled under Carthage in the region of Cyrene, under the name Libyans. \n\nthy--No's. \n\nhelpers--literally, \"in thy help,\" that is, among thy auxiliaries.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":10,"content":["Notwithstanding all her might, she was overcome. \n\ncast lots for her honourable men--They divided them among themselves by lot, as slaves (Joe 3:3).\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":11,"content":["drunken--made to drink of the cup of Jehovah's wrath (Isa 51:17, Isa 51:21; Jer 25:15). \n\nhid--covered out of sight: a prediction remarkably verified in the state in which the ruins of Nineveh have been found [G. V. SMITH]. But as \"hid\" precedes \"seek strength,\" &c., it rather refers to Nineveh's state when attacked by her foe: \"Thou who now so vauntest thyself, shalt be compelled to seek a hiding-place from the foe\" [CALVIN]; or, shalt be neglected and slighted by all [MAURER]. \n\nseek strength because of the enemy--Thou too, like Thebes (Nah 3:9), shalt have recourse to other nations for help against thy Medo-Babylonian enemy.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":12,"content":["thy strongholds--on the borders of Assyria, protecting the approaches to Nineveh: \"the gates of thy land\" (Nah 3:13). \n\nfig trees with the first ripe figs--expressing the rapidity and ease of the capture of Nineveh (compare Isa 28:4; Rev 6:13).\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":13,"content":["thy people--thy soldiers. \n\nwomen--unable to fight for thee (Isa 19:16; Jer 50:37; Jer 51:30). \n\ngates on thy land--the fortified passes or entrances to the region of Nineveh (compare Jer 15:7). Northeast of Nineveh there were hills affording a natural barrier against an invader; the guarded passes through these are probably \"the gates of the land\" meant. \n\nfire shall devour thy bars--the \"bars\" of the fortresses at the passes into Assyria. So in Assyrian remains the Assyrians themselves are represented as setting fire to the gates of a city [BONOMI, Nineveh, pp. 194, 197].\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":14,"content":["Ironical exhortation to Nineveh to defend herself. \n\nDraw . . . waters--so as not to be without water for drinking, in the event of being cut off by the besiegers from the fountains. \n\nmake strong the brick-kiln--or \"repair\" so as to have a supply of bricks formed of kiln-burnt clay, to repair breaches in the ramparts, or to build new fortifications inside when the outer ones are taken by the foe.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":15,"content":["There--in the very scene of thy great preparations for defense; and where thou now art so secure. \n\nfire--even as at the former destruction; Sardanapalus (Pul?) perished with all his household in the conflagration of his palace, having in despair set it on fire, the traces of which are still remaining. \n\ncankerworm--\"the licking locust\" [HENDERSON]. \n\nmake thyself many as the locusts--\"the swarming locusts\" [HENDERSON]; that is, however \"many\" be thy forces, like those of \"the swarming locusts,\" or the \"licking locusts,\" yet the foe shall consume thee as the \"licking locust\" licks up all before it.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":16,"content":["multiplied thy merchants-- (Eze 27:23-24). Nineveh, by large canals, had easy access to Babylon; and it was one of the great routes for the people of the west and northwest to that city; lying on the Tigris it had access to the sea. The Phœnicians carried its wares everywhere. Hence its merchandise is so much spoken of. \n\nthe cankerworm spoileth, and fleeth away--that is, spoiled thy merchants. The \"cankerworm,\" or licking locust, answers to the Medo-Babylonian invaders of Nineveh [G. V. SMITH]. CALVIN explains less probably, \"Thy merchants spoiled many regions; but the same shall befall them as befalls locusts, they in a moment shall be scattered and flee away.\" MAURER, somewhat similarly, \"The licking locust puts off (the envelope in which his wings had been folded), and teeth away\" (Nah 2:9; compare Joe 1:4). The Hebrew has ten different names for the locust, so destructive was it.\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":17,"content":["Thy crowned--Thy princes (Rev 9:7). The king's nobles and officers wore the tiara, as well as the king; hence they are called here \"thy crowned ones.\" \n\nas the locusts--as many as the swarming locusts. \n\nthy captains--Tiphsar, an Assyrian word; found also in Jer 51:27, meaning satraps [MICHAELIS]; or rather, \"military leaders\" [MAURER]. The last syllable, sar means a \"prince,\" and is found in Belshaz-zar, Nabopolas-sar, Nebuchadnez-zar. \n\nas the great grasshoppers--literally, \"as the locust of locusts,\" that is, the largest locust. MAURER translates, \"as many as locusts upon locusts,\" that is, swarms of locusts. Hebrew idiom favors English Version. \n\nin the hedges in the cold--Cold deprives the locust of the power of flight; so they alight in cold weather and at night, but when warmed by the sun soon \"flee away.\" So shall the Assyrian multitudes suddenly disappear, not leaving a trace behind (compare PLINY, Natural History, 11.29).\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":18,"content":["Thy shepherds--that is, Thy leaders. \n\nslumber--are carelessly secure [MAURER]. Rather, \"lie in death's sleep, having been slain\" [JEROME] (Exo 15:16; Psa 76:6). \n\nshall dwell in the dust-- (Psa 7:5; Psa 94:17). \n\nthy people is scattered--the necessary consequence of their leaders being laid low (Kg1 22:17).\n\n"]},{"type":"verse","number":19,"content":["bruit--the report. \n\nclap the hands--with joy at thy fall. The sole descendants of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians in the whole country are the Nestorian Christians, who speak a Chaldean language [LAYARD]. \n\nupon whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually?--implying God's long forbearance, and the consequent enormity of Assyria's guilt, rendering her case one that admitted no hope of restoration.\n\n\n\n\n\nNext: Habakkuk Introduction\n\n"]}],"introduction":"REPETITION OF NINEVEH'S DOOM, WITH NEW FEATURES; THE CAUSE IS HER TYRANNY, RAPINE, AND CRUELTY: NO-AMMON'S FORTIFICATIONS DID NOT SAVE HER; IT IS VAIN, THEREFORE, FOR NINEVEH TO THINK HER DEFENSES WILL SECURE HER AGAINST GOD'S SENTENCE. (Nah. 3:1-19)\n\nthe bloody city!--literally, \"city of blood,\" namely, shed by Nineveh; just so now her own blood is to be shed. \n\nrobbery--violence [MAURER]. Extortion [GROTIUS]. \n\nthe prey departeth not--Nineveh never ceases to live by rapine. Or, the Hebrew verb is transitive, \"she (Nineveh) does not make the prey depart\"; she ceases not to plunder.\n\n"},"thisChapterLink":"/api/c/jamieson-fausset-brown/NAM/3.json","thisChapterReference":{"commentaryId":"jamieson-fausset-brown","book":"NAM","chapter":3},"nextChapterApiLink":"/api/c/jamieson-fausset-brown/HAB/1.json","nextChapterReference":{"commentaryId":"jamieson-fausset-brown","book":"HAB","chapter":1},"previousChapterApiLink":"/api/c/jamieson-fausset-brown/NAM/2.json","previousChapterReference":{"commentaryId":"jamieson-fausset-brown","book":"NAM","chapter":2},"numberOfVerses":18}